GLOSSARY
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A
ABATEMENT
Involves either removal of the painted
surface, covering the painted surface with an impermeable surface, or
covering surface with heavy-duty coating (encapsulant).
ABRASION
The process by which coating surfaces
are worn away by rubbing, scraping, or erosion.
ABRASION RESISTANCE
The ability of a coating to resist being
worn away and to maintain its original appearance and structure when
subjected to rubbing, scraping, or erosion. This property is related
more to the toughness of the coating than to its hardness.
ABRASIVE
A material used for wearing away a surface
by rubbing. Examples of abrasives are: powdered pumice, rottenstone,
sandpaper, steel wool. These materials are used for smoothing rough
surfaces before painting.
ABRASIVE BLAST CLEANING
Abrasive blast cleaning uses an abrasive
propelled by air pressure, centrifugal force, or water pressure to clean
and usually to profile a surface. Stand-off distance, angle of attack,
and dwell time are the three most important variables under the control
of the operator that can affect the quality and effectiveness of the
blast cleaning.
ABRASIVE BREAKDOWN RATE
The rate at which abrasive particles
become too small to be reused after a certain number of impacts (blasting
cycles).
ABRASIVE PAD
A web of nylon fibres imbedded with abrasive
material in different sizes and densities. These pads can be used to
remove dried soil, debris, and loose paint from all types of surfaces,
as well as loose rust and loose mill scale from steel.
ABRASIVE, BLAST CLEANING
Blast cleaning abrasives are particles
of controlled mesh sizes propelled by compressed air, water, or centrifugal
force to clean and roughen a surface.
ABSTRACT
A pattern or motif not based on natural forms, such as an abstract pattern of wall covering.
ACCENT
Any bright object or colour that draws
attention. Accents often are used in decorating.
ACID ETCHING
A method of preparing concrete floors
for painting. An acid etching solution usually is made up of diluted
hydrochloric acid (5 to 10 percent), diluted phosphoric acid (20 to
25 percent), or citric acid. These solutions can clean and remove dirt
and other impurities from the concrete as well as provide a surface
texture to improve the coating adhesion.
ACRYLIC RESIN
A synthetic resin, made from derivatives
of acrylic acid and related compounds, with excellent colour and clarity.
Widely used in latex and solvent-thinned coatings.
ADDITIVE
A substance added in very small quantities
to a coating formulation. Additives are used to adjust, enhance, and
improve the emulsion, suspension, drying, application, weathering, or
other properties of a coating.
ADHESION
The degree of attraction between a coating
and a substrate or between two coats of paint that are held together
by interfacial forces consisting of chemical and/or mechanical action.
ADVANCING COLOUR
A colour that gives an illusion of being
close or advancing to the observer. Warm colours such as red or orange
are considered advancing colours.
AERIAL LIFT
An aerial lift is used to raise a worker
from the ground to an elevated job site.
AEROSOL
A product that uses compressed gas to
spray the coating from its container. Note: Aerosol paint products have
not contained chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) since 1978.
AGITATOR
Mechanical device used for mixing or
stirring.
AGRICULTURAL VARNISH
Varnish designed especially to protect
and beautify farm implements and machinery. Such materials are exposed
to severe conditions and must be highly resistant to moisture, dust,
friction, intense sunlight, and high temperature.
AIR ABRASIVE BLAST CLEANING
A process that uses compressed air to
propel abrasive particles against the surface to be cleaned. The term
"open blast cleaning" indicates that a localized containment
does not surround the blast stream.
AIR-ASSISTED AIRLESS SPRAYING
This paint application system is a modification
of the airless spraying system. It uses pressurized air at the edges
of the airless spray pattern to more fully atomise paint spray. Consequently,
a lower airless spray pressure can be used to achieve proper paint atomisation.
AIR DRY (CURE)
The process of curing or drying a coating
at ordinary room conditions.
AIR ENTRAPMENT
Inclusion of air bubbles in wet or dry
paint film.
AIR SPRAYING
A coating application method using a
nozzle to direct compressed air to atomize the liquid paint stream.
AIR VOLUME
Quantity of air measured in cubic feet
(usually per minute) at normal atmospheric pressure.
AIRLESS SPRAYING
A coating application system that uses
hydraulic pressure instead of air to atomise the paint. Atomisation
is achieved by forcing the paint at high pressure (2,000 to 3,000 p.s.i.)
through a spray nozzle with a small orifice (opening).
ALCOHOL SOLVENT
A solvent with high polarity and a strong
affinity for water. Alcohol solvents used in paints include ethanol,
isopropanol, and n-butanol. Methanol is used mainly in paint removers.
ALIPHATIC SOLVENT
Hydrocarbon solvent composed primarily
of open chain hydrocarbons derived from paraffin-based crude oil. These
solvents have poor to moderate solvency for all but oil-based coatings.
Among the typical aliphatic solvents are mineral spirits, naphtha, hexane,
and heptane.
ALKALI
A substance that neutralizes acids, such
as lye, soda, lime, etc. Alkali’s or strong alkaline solutions are
highly destructive to oil paint films.
ALKALINE CLEANER
A cleaner that saponifies certain oils
and greases and their surface-active constituents and washes away other
types of contaminants. Trisodium phosphate is a commonly used alkaline
cleaner.
ALKALINE PAINT STRIPPER
A paint stripper comprised of relatively
diluted concentrations of caustic soda (sodium hydroxide), potassium
hydroxide, and other highly alkaline materials, often in combination
with solvents and detergents to aid in removing paint. These strippers
are effective only on oleo-resinous-type coatings. It can take several
hours for the alkali to attack and break down the paint resin.
ALKYD RESIN
Synthetic resin made from polyhydric
alcohols and polybasic acids; generally modified with other resins,
fatty oils, or fatty acids. Alkyd resins are a specific type of polyester
resins and may be regarded as complex esters. These resins are used
in paints, varnishes, and lacquers.
ALL-OVER DESIGN
Floral, foliage, or scroll patterns,
as distinguished from stripes and textures that cover an entire wallcovering
without any particular feature standing out prominently.
ALLIGATORING
A paint surface defect that forms cracks
resembling the hide of an alligator.
ALUMINUM LEAF
Aluminum in very thin sheets or flakes.
ALUMINUM PAINT
A coating consisting of a mixture of
metallic aluminum pigment in powder or paste form, dispersed in a suitable
vehicle.
ALUMINUM PASTE
Metallic aluminum flake pigment in paste
form, consisting of aluminum, solvent, and various additives. The metallic
aluminum pigment can be in the form of very small, coated leaves or
amorphous powder, known by the respective designations of "leafing"
and "nonleafing."
AMBIENT TEMPERATURE
The temperature of the surrounding area
or environment.
AMIDE
Compound containing oxygen and amino
(NH2) groupings that is used as a curing agent for epoxy resins.
AMINE
Organic substituted ammonia; an organic
compound having an NH3 group thet is used as a curing agent for epoxy
resins.
ANALOGOUS
Similar or comparable in many respects;
adjacent colours on a colour wheel.
ANCHORAGE
The mechanical effect of paint "keying"
itself into the surface to which it has been applied.
ANGLE BLASTING
Blast cleaning with the angle between
the blast stream and the surface being significantly less than 90 degrees.
ANGLE OF ATTACK
The angle of the blast stream to the
surface. For general blast cleaning, 60 to 70 degrees is a good angle
of attack. Rust, mill scale, and heavily pitted surfaces require a head-on
(80- to 90-degree) angle of attack. Old paint will peel away at a 45-
to 60-degree angle of attack.
ANTI-CORROSIVE PAINT
Metal paint designed to inhibit corrosion
and rusting of iron and steel.
ANTI-FOAMING AGENT
Additive used to control or prevent formation
of foams during the manufacture or application of coatings.
ANTI-FOULING PAINT
The final coat of paint applied to the
hull of a ship below the water line. The paint usually is formulated
to release noxious or poisonous substances at a controlled rate to prevent
the growth of barnacles, algae, and other organisms on ships’ bottoms.
ANTIQUE FINISH
A finish or finishing technique that
gives furniture, walls, and exterior surfaces the appearance of age
or wear.
ANTI-SKINNING AGENT
Any material added to a coating to prevent
or retard the processes of oxidation or polymerisation that result in
the formation of an insoluble skin on the surface of the coating in
a container.
APPLICATION
Any process by which a coating is applied
to a surface.
APPLICATOR
A tool for applying coatings.
APPRENTICE PAINTER
One engaged in learning the painting
trade.
ARCHITECTURAL COATING
Protective and decorative finish intended
for on-site application at ambient temperatures.
ARCHITECTURAL ENAMEL
Enamel designed for use on interior trim;
may be gloss or semi-gloss.
ARCING
Swinging a spray gun away from perpendicular
to the surface being coated. This causes the coating to be applied thinner
at the end of a spray pass than at the centre.
AROMATIC SOLVENT
Hydrocarbon solvent made of a compound
that contains an unsaturated ring of carbon atoms, typified by the benzene
ring structure. These solvents have a greater solvency than aliphatic
solvents. Xylene (xylol), toluene (toluol), and high flash naphtha are
aromatic solvents used in coatings.
ASPHALT MASTIC
A mixture of sand, crushed limestone,
and fibre bound with asphalt that produces a thick film coating.
ASPHALT VARNISH
Asphalt varnish is composed of asphalt
pitch that is heat-treated with Gilsonite and thinned with mineral spirits
or naphtha. Varying degrees of flexibility and toughness are obtained
by varying the ratio of pitch to Gilsonite.
ATOMIZE
Break a stream of liquid into small particles,
such as a spray nozzle does to paint during application.
